Answer:

Impact of British Rule: British colonial policies, such as economic exploitation, cultural subjugation, and political oppression, laid the foundation for nationalist sentiments in India. The British control over India's resources and the imposition of taxes and economic policies (like the Permanent Settlement) resulted in widespread resentment.

Rise of Nationalism: Nationalism grew as a reaction to British colonial rule. The first organized expression of Indian nationalism was through the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. Initially, the INC was moderate in its approach, seeking reforms within the colonial framework, but over time, it became more radical and vocal in its demands for self-rule (Swaraj).

Anti-Colonial Movements: Several key movements, such as the Swadeshi Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, were pivotal in transforming nationalism into a mass movement. These movements directly challenged British authority and promoted the idea of Indian self-rule.

The involvement of various sections of Indian society, including peasants, workers, and intellectuals, in these movements marked the expansion of nationalism beyond the elite class.

Role of Cultural and Social Reform Movements: Nationalism in India was also influenced by cultural and social reform movements. Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and others promoted ideas of social reform, which contributed to a sense of unity and pride in Indian culture and heritage. This cultural resurgence also intertwined with the nationalist struggle against colonial rule.

Impact of World Events: The global context, including the two World Wars and the rise of anti-colonial movements in other parts of the world, had a significant influence on India's nationalist movement. The British Empire, weakened by the wars, could no longer hold on to its colonies, and nationalist sentiments gained strength globally, reinforcing India's fight for independence.