Answer:

Lack of Internal Democracy:

• Political parties in India often suffer from a lack of internal democracy. Decision-making is usually concentrated in the hands of a few leaders, often belonging to one family, without consultation with party members.
• Ordinary members have little to no influence in the decision-making process, such as the selection of candidates or policies.
• Example: Many parties revolve around a single leader or family, leading to the prevalence of dynastic politics.

Growing Role of Money and Muscle Power:

• Elections in India have become increasingly expensive, and parties often rely on wealthy candidates or big donors to fund their campaigns.
• The use of muscle power is another issue, especially in regions with a history of violence. Criminal elements are sometimes fielded as candidates to win elections.
• Example: According to various reports, a significant percentage of elected representatives have criminal cases against them.

Lack of Meaningful Choices for Voters:

• Despite the presence of multiple political parties, voters often find little ideological difference between them. Parties tend to focus more on short-term populist measures rather than long-term development policies.
• Example: Several parties promise similar welfare schemes, making it difficult for voters to distinguish between them based on their manifestos.